自考00015《英语二》复习资料

自考英语二复习资料

UNIT 1-1

UNIT 1
一、 word study
objective,accompany,argue,define
①objective
a.⑴客观的，真实的。⑵如实的，无偏见的。
We have to accept the objective reality as it is.
我们必须接受客观事实。
The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgement.
文学批评家在分析和评价时应尽量不偏不倚。
n.目标，目的。
People work hard to carry out the economic objectives of the Ninth Five-Year Plan.
人们为了实现第九个五年规划的经济目标而努力工作。
My objective for the present is to pass the oral exam.
我目前的目标是通过口试。
②accompany
vt./vi.1、伴随，陪同；2、为。。。伴奏
The singer was accompanied on the piano by his pupil.
演唱者由他的学生担任钢琴伴奏。
The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog.
这位孤独的老人让他的狗作伴。
All orders must be accompanied with cash.
所有的订货单必须随附现金。
③argue
vt./vi.争辩，争论，辩论
作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with,about或over，for（赞成）或against（反对）。
She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.
她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。
He often argues philosophy with James.
他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。
He argued for immediate action.
他主张立即行动。
They argued against such a policy.
他们反对这种政策。
vt.1、说服；2、用辩论说服
argue into（out of）doing sth..   说服某人做（不做）某事。
I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.
我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。
He argued that man was descended from apes.
他论证人类的祖先是猿。
④define
vt.1、解释，给。。。下定义；2、限定，规定。
Work is defined as the product of a force and the distance through which its point of application moves in the direction of the force.
功的定义是力和力的着力点沿力的方向移动的距离的乘积。
He has defined his position on the issues.
他已表明自己在这些问题上的立场。

UNIT 1-2

二、 常考句型
1、决策是在现有的可选做法中所做的选择。P1
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
2、管理者经常必须对未来的情况下做出最佳的猜测，尽量不存侥幸。P2
Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance.
3、如果没有选择，就无决策可言。P3
If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.
4、对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等待因素的制约。P3
For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.
5、例如，管理者有时以非此即彼的方式来处理问题。P4
For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.
6、决策者们必须有办法决定数个可选项中的哪一个是最好的---哪一个对组织目标的实现起作用最大。P6
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best—that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
7、就更大的系统来说，增加研究经费以便改进产品，对该组织更有益。P6
In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
8、有些目标比另一些目标更重要，但其排序和重要性则因人和部门而异。P7
Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department .
三、 习题
1.单词英译汉
goal, objective, accomplish, predict, accompany, implement, tendency, achievement, argue, budget, define, entity,
2.词组英译汉
in the way, in part, point of view, contribute to, to apply for, in hand, to turn down
3.句子英译汉
与常考句型相同。
4.Text A 汉译英
决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。
Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.
有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。
Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision.
没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。
If there is no proper choice, there is no proper decision.
不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。
Different people have different ideas about the same problem; their solutions to the problem are, therefore, also different.
决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。
Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company.
Decision makers are usually key people who determine the company's business development.

UNIT 1-3

四、历年试题
1. Almost everything a manager does _______ (involve) decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making . (99.4)。
答案是involves . 考点: involve 为谓语动词，应该用一般现在时。
2.If there is no choice, there is no decision _______(make). (99.4)
答案是to be made 。考点：to be made 是动词不定式作定语修饰decision.
3. If you are now_____your thirties, you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. (99.4)
A. in B. at C. between D. among
答案是　A.
4. Almost everything a manager does_____decisions; indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. (00.4)
A. imposes B. improvise C. involves D. indicates
答案为C .
5. When______(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.
答案为presented . 考点： present 是过去分词作状语。
6. An organization is a group of people, and a decision_____(make) today may have consequences far into the future.
答案是made . 考点：make 是过去分词作定语， 修饰decision .
7. 汉译英：通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。
答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be.
1. 决策的目的是为了实现组织的目标。
答：The purpose of making a decision is to achieve organizational goals.
2. 决策过程对经营管理至关重要。
答： The decision-making process is fundamental to business management.
3. 经理所做的任何事情几乎都与决策有关。
答：Almost everything a manager does involves decision-making.
4. 虽然我们不能预见未来，但应当尽量减少偶然性发生。
答： Although we cannot predict the future, we must try t leave as little as possible to chance.
5. 不同的管理者对同一问题的解释不同。
答： Different manager define the same problem in different terms.

UNIT 2-1

一、word study
exert,collapse,lauch,operate
① exert
vt.尽（力）；发挥（威力等）；施加（压力等）；产生（影响等）；行使（职权等）
He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.
他已尽了全力以达到自己的目标。
He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.
他一直在施加种种压力要我改变主意。
These principles exerted great influence upon the course of the revolution.
这些原则对革命进程产生了很大的影响。
② collapse
n.1、倒塌，崩溃，瓦解；2、（健康等）垮掉，（因精疲力竭等原因）倒下
The storm caused the collapse of the wooden shelter.
暴风雨使这个避风雨的木棚倒塌了。
He suffered from a nervous collapse.
他的精神崩溃了。
The collapse of the government left the country in confusion.
政府的倒台使全国陷入混乱之中。
vi.倒塌，崩溃
The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.
屋顶被雪压塌了。
The negotiations collapsed after several meetings.
会谈了几次之后，谈判破裂了。
In the last weeks of the war she collapsed from long imprisonment.
在战争的最后几个星期里她的身体因长期监禁而垮掉了。
③ lauch
vt 1、发射，投射；2、使（船）下水
The satellite was launched in a rocket.
这颗卫星是由火箭发射的。
The hunter launched a spear at the wolf.
猎人把矛向狼掷去。
A new ship has been successfully launched.
一条新船已成功地下水。
vt ./vi.发动，发起（运动等）
launch out into 开始，着手进行
Our army launched an attack on the enemy.
我们的军队向敌人发起猛攻。
The police launched an investigation into the case.
警察对此案开展了调查。
The research group launched out into a series of new experiment.
研究小组着手进行了一系列新的实验。

UNIT 2-2

④ operate
vi. 1、运转，起作用；2、动手术（on,upon）
The elevator operates smoothly.
电梯运行顺利。
The medicine gradually operated.
药物逐渐奏效了。
The doctor operated on the neck of the patient.
医生给病人的颈部动手术。
vt.1、操作，操纵，经营；2、对。。。动手术
This airline operates five main lines and dozens of branch lines.
这家航空公司经营五条主干线和十几条支线。
Do you know how to operate the machine?
你知道怎么开这台机器吗？
The doctor operated the patient on the neck.
医生给病人的颈部动手术。
He was operated on for lung cancer.
他因肺癌动了手术。
二、常考句型
1、天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一种空间区，物质可以掉进黑洞但任何物质不能逃脱。P1
Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.
2、理论上是这样的：当某些星体的密度增大到某一特定点时便发生爆炸。P2
The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.
3、有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。P2
Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
4、假定一个人掉进黑洞，他会认为很快就能到达黑洞中心。P3
If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
5、只是在近几年天文学家才开始具体研究黑洞。P3
It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
6、另一方面，科学家们也在设想，由于有非常先进的技术，人们也许能在将来利用黑洞为人类服务。P5
On the other hand, scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.
三、习题
Unit 2 练习：
1.词汇英译汉：
escape, explode, collapse, shrink, gravity, measurement, basis, launch, convincing, companion,
speculation, swallow, operate, to make use of, a great many, above all
2.句子英译汉：
1) ~6) 与常考句型相同。
7) There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.
8) They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.

UNIT 2-3

3 句子汉译英
黑洞是什么，天文学家还没有完全解决这个问题。
Astronomers have not yet fully solved the problem of what a black hole is.
据说黑洞可以将其周围的一切物体，如星星吞食掉。
It is said that black holes are able to swallow up all the objects around them, such as stars .
对黑洞的研究刚刚开始，各种各样的假说层出不穷。
The research of black holes is just beginning and speculation about them are endless.
科学家仍不能说出黑洞内发生了什么。
Scientists still can not tell what happens inside a black hole.
It is still impossible for scientists to tell what happens inside a black hole.
如果我们认识了黑洞，黑洞就不那么可怕了。
If we understood black holes, they would not be so fearful .
Black holes will not be so fearful if we get to know them.
单元课后练习
Ⅰ.Word Spelling
1.密度 n. density _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.（使）倒塌，（使）崩溃 v. collapse _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.边界线，边界 n. boundary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.永恒的，经久不变的 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.基础，根据 n.b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6.发射，发动 v.l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.双胞胎之一 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.同伴，同事 n.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9.人类 n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10.推测，猜测 n.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11.吞 v.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12.不充分的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13.物质 n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14.情况，环境 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15.发生，出现 v.o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16.强烈的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17.证据 n.e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18.看不见的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19.宇航员 n.a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20.热带的 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.Supernovae____(report) by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
2.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still____(have) the same mass, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.
3.If one____(make) a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
4.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars____(believe) to be black holes.
5.Matter from the one which we can see____(pull) towards the companion star.

UNIT 2-4

6.There might be a massive black hole at the centre of our galaxy____(swallow) up stars at a very rapid rate.
7.The most____(convince) evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.
8.They show us a world which operates in a ____(total) different way from our own.
9.The surface of some areas____(consist) largely of high mountains and deep valleys.
10.Our world is the home of a very great many different people-peoples with different____(colour) skins.
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing)____which matter has fallen and____which nothing can escape-not even light.
[A] into into
[B] into from
[C] from into
[D] from from
2.This process of shrinking may be so intense____a black hole results.
[A] whether
[B] what
[C] which
[D] that
3.Binary stars,____their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.
[A] as
[B] that
[C] what
[D] if
4.In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a 'partner' to____which we can see in the sky.
[A] the one
[B] that
[C] the ones
[D] those
5.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day____the energy of black holes for mankind.
[A] make fun of
[B] make sure of
[C] make use of
[D] make sense of
6.Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as____.
[A] companies
[B] comparisons
[C] compounds
[D] companions
7.The earth is one of nine planets which move in____round the sun.
[A] track
[B] orbit
[C] tour
[D] route

UNIT 2-5

8.In August 1977, a satellite was____to gather data about the black holes in the Milky way.
[A] posted
[B] delivered
[C] launched
[D] transmitted
9.The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are____here.
[A] inadequate
[B] invisible
[C] intense
[D] individual
10.We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary, But____,matter must behave very differently inside the hole.
[A] in addition
[B] in person
[C] in detail
[D] in theory
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.这个收缩的过程如此强烈，以至于黑洞产生了。
2.直到最近天文学家们才开始研究黑洞。
3.但是从理论上说，物质在黑洞里的行为一定非常不同。
4.黑洞最强有力的证据来自对双星系的研究。
5.有一天也许人类也会遭此命运。
单元自测答案 Unit 2
Ⅰ.Word Spelling
1.density 2.collapse 3.boundary
4.constant 5.basis 6.launch
7.twin 8.companion 9.mankind
10.speculation 11.swallow 12.inadequate
13.matter 14.circumstance 15.occur
16.intense 17.evidence 18.invisible
19.astronaut 20.tropical
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.were reported 2.having 3.made
4.believed 5.is being pulled 6.swallowing
7.convincing 8.totally 9.consists
10.coloured
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.C
6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.D
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.This process of shrinking is so intense that a black hole results.
2.It is only recently/It is not until recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.

UNIT 2-6

3.But in theory, matter must behave very differently/in a very different manner inside the black hole.
4.The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.
5.Mankind may one day meet this fate.
四、历年试题
1. 星体的密度增大到一定程度时就会发生爆炸。
答： The star will explode when its density increases to some extent.
2. 你能想象黑洞的引力有多大吗？
答： Can you imagine how strong the gravitational pull of a black hole is ?
3. 假如有人掉进黑洞，他会认为很快能到达黑洞的中心。
答：If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
4. 早在17世纪天文学家便对超新星有过报道。
答： Supernovae were reported by astronomers as early as in the seventeenth century.
5. 他已尽了全力以达到自己的目标。
答： He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.

UNIT 3-1

一、word study
request,ensure,oppose,burden,open up
① request n./vt.请求，要求
request 后面接 for，表示要求的对象；“根据要求”为 by(或 on) request；“应。。。之要求”则 为 at sb’s request。
He made a request for immediate help.
他要求立即给予帮助。 Minibuses stop by request. 小公共汽车招手即停。
Instructions will be sent immediately on(upon) request.
说明将按要求立即寄出。
The singer gave one more song at our request. 歌唱家在我们的要求下又唱了一首歌。 Your silence is requested.
请勿说话。
② ensure vt.保证，担保
ensure 后面接 against 或 from，表示“保证。。。免于。。。”；后面接 to 或 for，则表示“保证。。。 具有。。。”。
We can ensure that the work w ill be done in the right way.
我们可以保证把工作做好。
The police can ensure the witness against (或 from) danger.
警察能保证证人免受危险。
This measure ensure to (或 for) us a voice in the matter.
这项措施使我们在这件事上具有发言权。
③ oppose vt.1、反对，反抗；2、使相对，使对抗（to）
Many people opposed building a new highw ay because of the great cost.
由于代价过于高昂，许多人都反对修一条新公路。
To the difficulties she opposed a will of iron.
她用钢铁般的意志对待困难。
What he said was totally opposed to the facts.
他说的与事实完全相反。
We are firmly opposed to this dirty political deal.
我们坚决反对这场肮脏的政治交易。
④ burden n.1、担子，负担；2、责任，义务
She bore the w hole burden of raising two children.
她一个人负起抚养两个孩子的全部责任。
The burden of running the factory is too heavy for his failing health. 管理这家工厂的重担对他日益恶化的健康来说是太重了。 vt.使负重担；麻烦，劳累
The mother w as burden w ith w orries.
妈妈忧心忡忡。
Students are heavily burdened with home assignments.
学生家庭作业负担过重。
⑤ open up
1、打开；2、开办，开辟，开发；3、坦诚地或无拘无束地谈话 They opened up his stomach to get at the source of the trouble. 他们给他的胃开了刀，以找出病根。
They opened up a mine in the remote areas.
他们在那个偏远地区开了矿。
They decided to open up a business in the town.
他们决定在城里开一家店。
The girl decided to open up and tell us everything.
这个女孩决定坦诚地告诉我们一切。

UNIT 3-2

二、常考句型
1、范万德尔重病在身，再也不能说清楚话，他知道他没有康复的希望，身体状况正在急剧 恶化。P2
Affected w ith a serious disease, van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there w as no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.
2、在让自己的医生注射最后结束生命的那一针之前，范万德尔生命中的最后三个月被拍摄了下来，去年在荷兰电视上首次播出。P3
Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor w ere filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.
3、从那时开始，已有 20 多个国家买下了这个节目，每次播放都引起了对这一话题的全国性大辩论。P3
The programme has since been bought by  20 countries  and  each time  it  is shown, it  starts a nationw ide debate on the subject.
4、那些反对安乐死的人实际在告诉我，临终者没有这个权利。P9
What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven’t the right.
三、习题
1.词汇英译汉
.  weaken  .  deteriorate  .debate  .  legal.  request  .  criterion  .  ensure  .  oppose  tradition consideration disabled . burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive
词组：. to debate on . to make request for be opposed to . to take … into account
2.句子英译汉（重点句）
Affected w ith a serious disease, van Wendal w as no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there w as no hope of recovery and that his condition w as rapidly deteriorating.
Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being given  a final, lethal  injection by his　doctor w ere filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.
The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is show n, it starts a nationw ide debate on the subject.
What those people w ho oppose euthanasia  are telling me is that dying people haven’t the　right.
The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no
chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia .
I think that anything that legally allow s the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.
3.句子汉译英 P.59
安乐死的确能解除临终病人的痛苦。
Euthanasia can really help rid the dying patients of extreme suffering . Euthanasia does release the dying people from their suffering . 你知道不知道荷兰是欧洲唯一允许安乐死的国家?
Do you know that the Netherlands is the only country in Europe that permits euthanasia ?
支持这一观点的医生并不意味着他们不关心病人。
Those doctors w ho support the idea never mean they don’t care about / for patients .
在第一个医生诊断疾病之后，必须由另外一名医生确认病情。
After the first doctor has diagnosed the illness , a second doctor must confirm the case .
反对者认为病人并不一定真正希望结束生命，可能请求之后另有他求。
Opponents think patients may not really w ant to end their lives, and probably there is another request behind the request .
四、历年试题
1. The film   （ show ） Cees Van Wendel ’s death w as both moving and sensitive.（99.10）
答案： showing . 考点：showing  是现在分词作定语修饰 the film .
2. Each time the programmer of Van Wendal’s last days before euthanasia w as showed on T V, it starts a nationw ide debate   the subject. （99.10）
A. for
B. against
C. on
D. of
答案： C . 考点：词组 debate on  对…  的争论。
3. 汉译英：每次播放这个节目，都引起对此话题的全国性大辩论。（99.10） 答案： Each time it is shown , this program starts a nationw ide debate on the subject.
4. 汉译英 ： 据说那个病人曾要求医生助他一死。（00.10） 答案： The patient is said to have asked the doctor to help him die.
（ 或者： It is said that the patient has asked the doctor to help him die .）

UNIT 4-1

一、word study
exploit ,campaign,execute,deserve,status,bring over
① exploit vt.1、开发，开采；2、利用；3、剥削 A mine is exploited for its minertals. 开发矿山是为了采矿。
The student exploits every possibility to learn English.
这个学生利用一切可能性学英语。
The company exploited its w orkers w ith long hours and low pay.
该公司用长工时、低工资的方法来剥削工人。
② campaign n.1、战役；2、运动，参选运动
The Huai-Hai Campaign was essential to the victory of the War of    Liberation.
淮海战役对解放战争的胜利至关重要。
Our country is launching a campaign against waste.
我们国家正在开展反浪费运动。
His presidential campaign succeeded and he w on the election. 总统竞选运动取得成功，他当选了。 vi.参加运动，参加竞选活动
They w ere campaigning to keep the local school open.
他们为使当地学校不致关闭而奔走活动。
The candidates for president campaigned by sending out letters to voters and speaking at public meeting.
总统候选人通过向选民发信和群众集会上讲演来竞选。
vt.使。。。参加运动；对。。。进行活动
Joan is campaigning the government for equal rights for women.
琼对政府进行活动，要求给予妇女同等权利。
③ execute vt.1、实行，执行，完成，贯彻；2、将。。。处死 All orders were immediately executed.
所有的命令都立即执行了。
Your order will be executed as early as possible.
你的命令将尽早执行。
The pianist executed the piece of music perfectly.
这位钢琴家把这首曲子演奏得完美极了。
The criminal w as executed after the trial.
审判后罪犯即被处死。
④ deserve vt.应受，值得（宾语可用名词，动词或动词不定式） He certainly deserves praise.
他的确应受表扬。
Our band deserves ranking w ith the best in this country.
我们的乐队在国内当之无愧属于一流。 He deserves to be sent to prison. 他应该被送去坐牢。
由 deserve 变成的形容词 deserving 后边用介词 of。
The robber is deserving of capital punishment.
这个强盗应处极刑。
The old man w as really deserving of pity.
那个老人家实在值得可怜。
⑤ status n.1、情形，状况；2、地位，身份
We should be alw ays aw are of the status of w orld affairs.
我们应该时刻关注世界形势。
None will question his status as a scholar.
没有人会怀疑他的学者身份。
We should raise the status of women in society.

UNIT 4-2

我们应该提高妇女的社会地位。
⑥ bring over
1、把。。。带来；2、使转变
Next summer he hopes to bring his family over from the united states.
他希望明年夏天把家属从美国带来。
My father is alw ays trying to bring me over to his way of thinking.
我的父亲总想使我接受他的思想方法。
二、重点句型
1、据估计，有 20000 多海外来的家庭佣人在英国工作。P1
There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. There be 表" 存在" 的句型。
2、在这 20000 人中，将近 2000 人正受着她们的雇主的剥削和虐待。P1
Of these 20,000, just under 2000  are being exploited and abused by their employers.
3、在今年早些时候的几个广为报道的事例中，全世界女佣的悲惨处境得到新闻媒体的很大 关注。P3
The  sad  condition  of  women  w orking  as  domestics  around  the  w orld  received  much  media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.
4、一名菲律宾女佣因被指控犯有谋杀罪而在新加坡遭处决，尽管各地都抗议说她的犯罪事实不能充分确定。P3
A Filipino maid w as executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
5、 她曾在斯里兰卡一家茶厂挣一份十分微薄的工资。P5
She used to w ork for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.
6、因为她发现很难养活自己的 4 个孩子，所以接受了一件在伦敦当佣人的工作。P5
Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.
7、因此如果她们提出申诉，她们就有被驱逐出境的危险。
So if they do complain, they risk being deported.
三、习题
1.单词英译汉 domestic，statistic，diplomat ，exploit ，campaign，execute，convict， despite，deserving，shelf，minimum ，status，deport，
2.句子英译汉
（1） There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in
Britain.
（2）Of these 20,000 , just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.
（3） The sad condition of w omen w orking as domestics around the w orld received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.
（4）A Filipino maid w as executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
（5）She used to w ork for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.
（6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.
（7）So if they do complain , they risk being deported.
（8）This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and
conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy).
（9）For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about
cruel living and w orking conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so　cannot change employer.

UNIT 4-3

（10）It is, they say, the right to change employers w hich distinguishes employment from slavery.
3.句子汉译英
（1）处理有关事务的政府部门没有做统计。
The government department that deals with relevant affairs does not keep statistics.
（2）正因为她无法养家才同意做家仆。
It w as because she found it difficult to feed her family that she accepted a job w orking as a domestic.
（3）她是一名沙特外交官直接从菲律宾雇到伦敦来工作的。
She w as hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to w ork in London .
（4）家仆的工作状况得到了新闻媒介的关注。
The conditions of w orking as domestics have received media attention .
（5）雇主们总是威胁要把我们遣送回国。
The employers alw ays threatened to send us back to our countries.
四、历年试题
1. When they get out of prison, they _ _(increase) the level of their criminal beh avior.
答案：will increase . 考点：时间状语从句中主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。从 句谓语动词是 get 一般现在时，所以从句用 will increase 。
2.At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measure to help __domes tic workers from abuse by their employers.
A. protect B. suspect C. expect D. inspect
答案是：A . 考点是：protect … from 保护… 免受 …
3. __ _ _their differences, they fell passionately in love with each other. A. As for B. Owing to C. Despite D. Through
答案：C . 考点：despite 表示让步的关系。本句的意思是：尽管他们之间有分歧，但他们彼此 深爱对方。
Translation
1. 许多家庭佣人受到雇主的剥削和虐待。
答：Many domestic servants are exploited and abused by their employers.
2. 自去年以来，女佣们的悲惨境况已受到媒体密切关注。
答：The bad condition of the woman servants has received much media attention since last year.
3. 他经常威胁我，说要将我遣送回国。
答： He always threatened that he would send me back to my country.
4. 她曾在一家茶叶厂工作，工资很低。
答： She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory.
5. 据估计有两万多名外国家佣在英国工作。
答： It is estimated that there are more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants wor king in Britain.

UNIT 5-1

一、word study
transformation,originate,penetrating,take over,take on
① transformation n.1、变化，转化；2、改造，改革
His brain operation caused a great transformation in his character.
脑手术大大改变了他的性格。
The transformation of  a backward country  into  an  advanced country  requires  the  painstaking efforts of several generations.
将一个落后的国家改变为发达国家需要几代人的艰苦努力。
The social and political transformation of a country is essential to the development of the society.
一个国家的社会和政治改革对社会的发展非常重要。
② originate vi./vt.发源；发生，发起
All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice.
所有的理论都来源于实践，并反过来为实践服务。 The use of steam originated many other reforms. 蒸汽的使用引起了许多其它的革新。
③ penetrating
a.1、穿透的，贯穿的；2、深刻的，透彻的 They w alked against the penetrating w ind. 他们迎着刺骨的寒风行走。
Her penetrating voice frightened the little boy.
她刺耳的嗓子把小男孩吓坏了。
Swift’s w orks were most penetrating and pow erful.
斯威夫特的作品极为深刻有力。
④ take over
1、接管，接任；2、把。。。从一处运到另一处
The young doctor has taken over duties of the old.
年轻医生已接替了老医生的工作。
When Mr.Green retired, his son took over the business from him.
格林先生退休后，由他儿子接管他的生意。
Mr.Brow n took me over to the island in his steamboat.
布朗先生用他的汽艇把我送到该岛。
⑤ take on
1、具有，担任（工作等）；2、雇佣
The disease took on some special characteristics.
那种疾病具有一些特殊的特征。
He has taken on a new job.
他已承担了一项新工作。
The employer takes on twenty more w orkers.
那位雇主又雇佣了 20 名工人。
二、重点句型
1、新音乐是从已有的音乐中产生的。P1
The new music w as built out of materials already  in existence.
2、民间音乐，既有古老又有现代的，在大学生中颇为流行。P1
Folk music, old and modern, w as popular among college students.
3、他们自由地吸收爵士乐、美国乡村音乐的成分。P2
They freely  took over elements from jazz, from American country music.

UNIT 5-2

4、在家里欣赏唱片的时候，听众尽力模仿照明效果。P4
With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could.
三、习题
（一）单词、词组英译汉
musician  rhythmic  distinct consciousness  originate  readily  instrument  electronic  thereby passive participant
1.The new music w as built out of materials already in existence.
2.Folk music, old and modern, w as popular among college students.
3.They freely took over elements form jazz, from American country music.
4.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could.
5.In a sense, men of this kind begin not so much w ith a musical theme as w ith a completed composition.
6.Most composers since Beethoven's day belong to this second type.
7.Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category.
（三）汉译英 这一章是关于热能转化成动力的。
The chapter is about the transformation of heat into pow er.
一群人自发地聚集在事故现场。
A group of people got together spontaneously at the scene of the    accident.
这次争吵是由误会引起的。
The quarrel originated from a misunderstanding.
1949 年后，军队接管了这个城市。
The army took over this city after 1949.
为了你的健康，你不应该承担太繁重的工作。
For your health,you should avoid taking on too much work.
四、历年试题
1. In the process of composition , it isn’t easy to be inspired in a spontaneous w ay for long periods_ _ a stretch..
A. at B. for C. over D. in
答案是 a 。 考点：词组 at a stretch 一口气，连续不断的
2.汉译英  新音乐是由业已存在的材料构建出来的。
答案：The new music was built out of material already in existence.
3. 汉译英：那时在大学生中流行的正是民间音乐。
答案：It was folk music that was popular among college students at that time.
4. 汉译英：不用说我们现在已不是生活在传统社会。
答案： It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society.
1. 新音乐起源于布鲁斯、摇滚乐和民间音乐。
答： The new music originated from blues, rock and roll and folk music.
2. 民间音乐表现和平、友谊和希望。
答： Folk music expresses peace, friendship and hope.
3. 他们已不再是被动的听众而是积极的参与者。
答： Instead of passive audience, they have become active participants.
4. 他们自由地从不同的音乐来源中吸取元素。
答： They freely took over elements form diverse music sources.
5. 新音乐采取多种形式，几乎具有无限的表现力。
答：The new music may take on various forms and be capable of expressing an almost limitless range.

UNIT 6-1

一、word study
spray,cast,expose,switch,critical
① spray n.1、水花，浪花；2、喷雾，喷雾状物 The spray of the waterfall is very beautiful. 瀑布的水花飞溅，非常漂亮。
A spray of bullets hit the tree behind which he w as hiding. 一阵喷射的子弹打中了他藏身其后的那棵树。 vt.喷，向。。。喷射，喷涂
Fruit trees are sprayed regularly.
果树应定期喷上杀虫剂。
The students sprayed questions at the teacher.
学生们连珠炮似的向老师提出一个又一个问题。
② cast vt.1、投，扔，抛，掷（at）；2、投射（光，影，视线等）（on,at）；3、浇铸，铸造 The boy cast a stone at the dog.
那个男孩向那条狗扔了块石头。
His w ords cast a new light on the problem.
他的话题使人们对这个问题有了新的认识。 The robot can cast steel after being reprogrammed. 在重新设定程序之后，机器人能浇铸钢材。
n.1、投，掷；2、模具；3、演员（阵容）
The Beijing Theatre of    People’s Art has a very strong cast.
北京人民艺术剧院有很强大的演员阵容。
③ expose vt.1、使暴露，使面临；2、揭露，揭发
The w orks w ere exposed to all kinds of w eather.
工人们经受风吹雨打。
We should be aw are of the dangers of exposing children to violence on T V.
我们应当意识到儿童接触有关暴力电视节目的危害。
He has been widely exposed to the public on the television.
他经常在电视上向公众露面。
The mistakes of the past must be exposed w ithout any reserve.
对以前的错误一定要毫无保留地揭发。
④ switch n.1、开关，转换器；2、（思路、话题等的）转换
It is two-way switch.
这是个双向开关。
He has made a switch of support from one political party to another. 他已从支持一个政党转而支持另一个政党。 vi.1、转换，改变（思路、话题等）；2、接通。。。电流（on），切断。。。电流（off） We switched the discussion to another topic.
我们换了一个讨论题目。
E ntering the room, he sw itched the light on. 一进房间，他就把灯打开了。 vt.转换，变换（switch(over)to）
He switched (over) to medicine and graduated in 1980.
他改学医科，于 1980 年毕业。
⑤ critical a.1、批评（性）的，批评（性）的；2、对。。。表示谴责，对。。。感到不满的（of）；3、紧 要的，关键性的，危急的
He is a man w ith a critical eye.
他是一个具有批判眼光的人。
It takes years to develop one’s critical ability.
培养评论能力要很长时间。
The old man w as critical of the boy’s impolite behaviour.
那个老人不满意男孩的不礼貌行为。
The patient’s condition is critical.
病人情况危急。

UNIT 6-2

二、重点句型
1、目前多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按编制的程序承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这 一类的工作。P2
Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, w here they are programmed to take over such jobs as w elding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.
2、机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用的程度低一些。P3
Robots, already  taking over human tasks in the automotive field  are  beginning  to  be  seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as w ell.  现在分词短语作定语
3、在核电站使用的机器人处理放射性材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。P3
The robots   used in  nuclear pow er plants  handle  the  radioactive  materials,  preventing human personnel  from being exposed to radiation.
4、机器人于自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后，可由计算机重新编制程
序去完成另一项任务。P4
Robots differ from automatic machines  in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.
5、在微电子和计算机技术上有专长的工程人员正研制机器人的人工视觉。P5
Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots.
6、机器人有了“看”的能力便能在一堆不同类物体中辨别和检查出某一特定类物体。P5
With the ability to "see", robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials. to "see" ：不定式作后置定语
7、任何想要了解未来工业的人必须要了解机器人。P7
Anyone  wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
三、习题
一.单词、词组英译汉
efficiency increasingly install personnel expose reduction completion specific switch critical intensity scale defective in that in question plenty of
三、汉译英
1.近几年，机器人的应用越来越广泛和深入。
In recent years, the use of robots is becoming increasingly w ider and deeper. Robots are used more and more w idely and deeply in recent years.
Robots have been increasingly used w ider and deeper in recent years.
2.新开发的机器人有触觉，可以看见物体，还能做决定。
The newly-developed  robots have a sense of touch, are able to see objects, and can make decision as w ell.
3.机器人在汽车行业应用广泛。
Robots are employed w idely in the automotive industry. The use of robots in the automotive industry is prevalent.
4.感光材料、数字照相机都是照相器材。
Light–sensitive materials and digital cameras are all photographic equipment.
5.机器人与自动化机器有重大的区别。
There is a significant difference betw een robots and automatic machines. There are major differences betw een robots and automatic machines.
四、历年试题
1. Most today’s robots are employed in the automotive industry, __ _they are prog rammed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting . (99.4)
A. as B. which C. when D. where
答案：D. 考点：where 引导的非限定定语从句，修饰 automotive industry。
2. Robots differ from automatic machines in _ after completion of one specific ta sk, they can
be reprogrammed to be another one. (00.4)
A. which B. that C. how D. whether
答案：B. 考点：in that 复合连词引导原因状语从句，表示“在于”。

UNIT 6-3

3. Robots , already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning___ (see) in other
industries as well. (00.4) (01.10)
答案：to be seen 考点：begin to do sth. 所以用动词不定式，而且用被动式。
4. Anyone__ __(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know ab out robotics. (00.10)（01.4）
答案： wanting 考点：动词现在分词作定语修饰 anyone。
5.The nations that_ _actively_ _ (involve) in earthquake prediction programs inc lude Japan, China, Russia, and the United States.
答案：are involved 考点： 词组：be involved in sth.
6. 汉译英：机器人将要在哪些领域替代人的工作呢？（00.10） 答案： In what field will robots take over human tasks?
7. It is not yet known _ computers will one day have vision as good as human visi on .
A. whether B. if C. that D. how
答案：A . 考点： whether 引导的主语从句。
8. Robots, __ __(become) increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed
world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human inte rvention.
答案：becoming 考点：现在分词作状语。
9 . Robots , becoming__ _(increase) prevalent in factories , are programmed and en gineered
答案： increasingly
10. 汉译英：今年来，计算机在各个领域的应用越来越广泛。
答案：In recent years, the computer is finding wider and wider application in all f ields.

UNIT 7-1

一、word study
attach,underlie,relevant,positive
① attach vt.1、固定住，系；2、附加，隶属；3、把（重点）放在；4、使喜爱，使依恋 You have to attach a label to a box w hile posting it. 邮寄箱子时需在箱子上贴上标签。
They provide aid w ith no conditions attached.
他们提供无附加条件的援助。
We should attach primary importance to a firm and correct political orientation.
我们要把坚定正确的政治方向放在第一位。
He was strongly attached to his home.
他对他的家恋恋不舍。
② underlie vt.支撑；构成（理论，政策，行为等）的基础 Careful planning underlies all my decisions. 我的全部决定是以周密计划为根据的。
What underlies his lack of interest in work?
什么造成了他对工作缺乏兴趣？
There w ere deeper tensions underlying last w eek’s strike.
上星期的罢工背后潜伏着更为深刻的紧张局势。
③ relevant a.1、贴切的，中肯的；2、与。。。有关的（to）
This is a relevant question.
这是一个中肯的问题。
This point is not really relevant and we had better move on.
这一点并没有什么关联，咱们还是接着谈别的吧。
We should make our lives relevant to the needs of the country.
我们应该使个人生活与国家的需要挂起钩来。
All evidence relevant to the case should be gathered and analyzed.
所有与本案有关的证据均应搜集和分析。
④ positive a.1、明确的，确实的；2、积极的，肯定的；3、正的，阳性的
He gave positive instructions.
他给了明确的指示。
I w onder if he can provide positive proof.
我不知道他是否能够提供有力的证据。
L ight is a positive thing; darkness is only the absence of light.
光是确实存在的东西，而黑暗只是没有光。 Who can give a positive answer? 谁能给一个肯定的答复？
He alw ays has some positive ideas on company policy.
他对公司的政策总有一些建设性的意见。
The test is positive which show s a particular disease is present.
化验的结果呈阳性，说明确实得了某种病。
二、重点句型
1、生活在先进的工业化社会的人们越来越关心休闲的机会。P1
People in advanced industrial societies  are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.
2、人们赋予带薪休假的重要性和大众娱乐服务的快速发展是日益关注这一问题的标志。P1
The importance people  attach to paid holidays  and the rapid  development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.
3、对休闲的具体利用人与人不同。P4
The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.

UNIT 7-2

4、由于休闲基本上是自己决定的事，个人就可以培养自己的兴趣和爱好，并以能为自己带 来享受和满足的方式参与某项活动。P6
Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one’s interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in w ays that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.
5、基本上说，上述态度等同于一个认识：休闲是生活的一个重要方面；等同于一个信念：
休闲能够并且应该充分利用。P7
Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and of a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.
6、比如，学校鼓励参加游戏、运动和文化活动的程度和方式可能对形成学生的休闲态度起一定的作用。P9
For example,  the degree to which and the ways in  which a school encourages participation  in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.
7、学校常常把达到个人均衡发展设定为它们的教育目的。P10
Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person.
8、对此追求得越认真，就越可能鼓励人们对待休闲和学术工作持积极态度。P10
The more seriously this is sought,  the more likely positive attitudes  towards leisure as w ell as academic w ork will be encouraged.
三、习题
（一）、英译汉重点单词词组：
1.research   2.attach    3.underlie    4.relevant  5.positive
6.possession    7.desirable  8.relaxation  9.occupation  10.urban
11.acquire    12.participation
be concerned with  be relevant to    to set … as objective
（二）、英译汉重点句子
1~8.与重点句型相同。
（三）、汉译英
1.生活质量这一术语涉及很广泛。
The term"quality of life" covers a very w ide scope.
2.在生活节奏快，工作压力大的社会中，放松一下有利于健康。
In a fast-paced stressful society, it is good for health to set aside some time to relax oneself. It's good for one's health to find time to relax in a society of fast-paced and stressful work.
3.人们的兴趣和爱好与社会环境和个人学习经历有关。
People 's interests and hobbies are related to social contexts and their learning experiences. People's interests and preferences are all related to social contexts and individual learning
experiences.
4.积极的休闲态度是鼓励人们创造性地利用空闲时间的基础。
The positive attitude towards leisure is the foundation to encourage people's creative use of their spare time.
A positive leisure attitude is the foundation for motivating people to use their leisure in a creative way .
5.研究与观察结果表明，人们越来越关心生活的质量。
The findings of research and observation indicate that people are more and more concerned w ith the quality of life.
Observations and researches indicate that people are increasingly concerned w ith the quality of life.
四、历年试题
1. A good schedule must have a little give so that special projects can__ _(take)　care of properly. (99.4)
答案：be taken 。 考点： 情态动词的被动语态。
2. Since leisure is basically self-determined, one should get involved _ an activ ity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction . (99.4)
A. in B. of C. towards D. with
答案： A . 考点：词组 get /be involved in 参与… ；卷入…

UNIT 7-3

3. The importance of these _ (vary ) according to the nature of one’s job and on e’s lifestyle. (99.10)
答案：varies 考点：一般现在时单数第三人称形式。
4. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also _ __(keep ) you up to da te on your class assignments and projects. 答案
答案：keep 。 考点：not only 与 but also 后的词的形式应一致。
5. The specific use of leisure_ _ from individual to individual. (00.4) A. ranges B. distinguishes C. varies D. covers
答案 ：C。分析：此题考查不及物动词 vary 的用法。搭配为：vary … from … to 各不相同。
6. The more time you waste, the_ _(easy) it is to continue wasting time.(00.4) 答案：easier 。 考点：the more … the more 句型，表示“越… 越…”。
7. Such attitudes amount to a belief__ leisure can and should be put to good use. (01.4)
A. which B. if C. whether D. that
答案：that 。 考点：that 引导同位语从句修饰 belief 。
8. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to__  on you r class assignments and projects. (01.4)
A. day B. date C. number D. time
答案：B。 考点： 词组 up to date 最新的，keep you up to date 表示跟得上….
9 . 汉译英：人们越来越关注休闲的机会。(99.4)
答案： People are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.
10. 汉译英：众所周知，即使同样的休闲活动，不同的人使用的方式也不同。(00.4)
答案： It is well known that even the same leisure activity may be used different b y different individuals.
1. 在工业化国家人们越来越关心休闲的机会。
答：People in the industrialized countries are increasingly concerned with opportun ities for leisure.
2. 为什么他们对带薪休假那么重视呢？
答： Why do they attach so much importance to paid holidays?
3. 对休闲的具体利用是因人而异的。
答： The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.
4. 我们所接触的人可能对我们休闲态度产生某种影响。
答： The people with whom we come into contact may exert some influence on our atti tudes toward leisure.
5. 学校教育的目的之一是使学生得到均衡发展。
答： One of the educational objectives of school is to attain a balanced developmen t of students.

UNIT 8-1

一、word study
proceeding,alarm,promote
① proceeding n.1、程序，进程；2、【p l】项目，活动，会议文集
That is by no means the best way of proceeding.
那决不是最好的行动方式。
He opened today’s proceedings in several short sentences.
他简短地说了几句就开始了今天的会议。
He brought divorce proceedings against his w ife.
他诉请与妻子离婚。
The proceedings w ere published 6 months after the conference.
论文集已于会议结束后半年出版。
② alarm n.1、警报；2、惊恐
The alarm system w ent wrong and created a false alarm.
报警系统失灵，引起一场虚惊。 He didn ’t take alarm at the new s. 他听到消息后并不吃惊。 vt.1、向。。。报警，使警觉；2、使。。。惊恐，打扰
I w as quite alarmed last night at the cry of “fire”.
昨晚有人大呼救火，使我大吃一惊。 Heavy trucks alarmed one all night. 载重汽车声整夜使人不得安宁。
③ promote vt.1、促进，发扬；2、提升，升级；3、发起，创办
He was promoted to director.
他被提升为厂长。
It is believed that taking a w alk after meals promote digestion.
人们认为饭后散步促进消化。
The salesman promotes the sales of remote-control TV sets and VCRs.
那个推销员推销遥控电视机和录像机。 The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert. 那个钢琴家筹办了一次盛大的义演音乐会。
二、常考句型
1、喷气飞行时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候都会碰到的问题。P1
The problem of Jet Lag is  one every international traveler comes across at some time.
2、乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更让人失调。P2
The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually  far more disturbing than w e realize.
3、他后来把自己在谈判中的判断失误归咎于时差。P3
He later  blamed his poor judgment  on Jet Lag.
4、既然我们懂得了喷气飞机时差综合症是怎么回事，我们就能够在解决它方面有所作为。P5
Now that w e understand w hat Jet Lag is, w e can go some way to overcoming it.
5、另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内，这些体内时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个 25
小时，是的，25 小时---的生理节奏。P6
The other belongs in our internal clocks which, left alone, w ould tie the body to a 25 hour – yes,25 – rhythm.
6、经过一段时间之后，生理系统将会重新自我调整过来，但这需要时间。P8
In time, the physiological system w ill reset itself, but it does take time.
7、出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配。P9
One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.
8、不可能等上 4 天直到身体习惯新的时区。P10
It is not feasible to w ait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.

UNIT 8-2

三、习题
（一）词汇英译汉：
1.flight
2.negotiation
3.transport
4.overcome
5.internal
6.external
7.rhythm
8.feasible
9.assumption
10.promote
1.effect on
2.to blame… on
3.to advantage
4.now that
5.out of step
6.to leave … alone
（二）句子英译汉：
1.~ 8. 与重点句型相同。
9.But  the  growth  hormone  is  released  during  sleep,  w henever  in  the  day  that  sleep occurs.(para.9)
10.Protein in meals stimulates w akefulness, w hile carbohydrates promote sleep.(para.13)
（三）句子汉译英
1.不难理解高速旅行给身体带来的不适。
It is not difficult to understand the disturbing effects of rapid travel on the body.
It is not difficult to realize that the disturbing effects on the body are caused by rapid travel.
2.引起这一不同的原因之一是不同的人体活动由不同的因素控制。
One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.
3.食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而食物中的碳水化合物使人易于入睡。
Protein in food stimulates wakefulness, w hile carbohydrates promote sleep.
4.时差反应是每一个国际旅行者可能遇到的问题。
The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across.
5.等待几天直到身体的调节机制自然适应新时区，这并不可行。
It is not feasible to wait a few days until the body's regulatory mechanisms are used to the new time zone.
四、历年试题
1.In practical application, concentration is not__ _the definition may imply. (99.4)
A. as simple to deal successfully with as
B. so simple to deal successfully with that
C. simpler to deal successfully with as that
D. as same simple to deal successfully with as
答案：A。 考点：本题主要考查 as … as 搭配表示“和…. 一样”。而选项 D 中 as 的后面还 有一个词 same 。 因为 same 表示的意思也是同样，与…同样的意思与 as … as 意义重复，因 此不选 D。
2. Understand what Jet Lag is , and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effec ts,__ .（99.10）
A. your flight will be less stressful
B. and your flights will be less stressful
C. or your flights will be less stressful
D. in order that your flights will be less stressful
答案：B。 分析：本句是一个 and 连接的并列句。因此只有 B 符合题意。
3. Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances__ at night. (00.4) A. it B. them C. the coffee D. the body
答案：A。 分析：本句是个并列句，and 连接的两个句子结构应一致。因此，advances 后面的 宾语应是 the body，而为了避免重复，因此用代词 it 代替。
4.汉译英：快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。(00.10)
答案：The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realiz e.
5. The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks, which , left _, would t ie the body to a 25-hour rhythm. (03.4)
A. behind B. alone C. out D. aside
答案： B . 考点： 本题主要考查词组：leave alone 不管，不理，把…放在一边。
1. 快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。
答： The effects of rapid travel on the body are much greater than we realize
2. 他后来把自己的错误判断归咎于时差反应。
答：He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.
3. 食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而碳水化合物使人易于入睡。
答： Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness while carbohydrates promote sleep.
4. 在外语学习中没有捷径可走。
答： There is no short cut in the study of a foreign language.
5. 为了克服时差反应我们能做些什么呢？
答： What can we do in order to overcome Jet Lag?

UNIT 9-1

一、word study
approximate,proportion,appreciation,acknowledge,neglect
① approximate a.近似的，大约的
The approximate number of immigrants is two million.
移民数目大约为两百万。
The approximate length of a meter is 40 inches.
一米大约为 40 英寸。
vt.1、近似，接近；2、使接近（在直接宾语后用介词 to）
Your account of w hat happened approximates the real facts, but there are some small inaccuracies.
你对发生的情况的描述接近实际情况，但有些小的出入。
We try to approximate the operating temperature to the optimal value. 我们努力使工作温度接近最佳值。 vi.接近（其词义与及物动词相同，只是后面接介词 to）
Your account of w hat happened approximates to the real facts.
你对发生的情况的描述接近实际情况。
② proportion n.比率，比例
in proportion to  表示“与。。。成比例”； out of proportion  表示“与。。。不成比例”
The proportion of births to the population is increasing.
人口出生率在上升。
A large proportion of the earth surface is ocean.
地球表面的大部分是海洋。
The camel possesses strength in proportion to its size.
骆驼的力气与它的身体大小成比例。
His earnings are out of all proportion to his skill and ability. 他的收入与他的技术及能力很不相称。 vt.使成比例；使相称
The soldier proportioned his pace to the march.
战士调制步子以便与行军的步伐一致。
③ appreciation n.1、欣赏，鉴赏；2、正确评价；3、感激，感谢
A person with an appreciation of art and literature is qualified for the job.
一个具有文学艺术欣赏力的人能胜任这项工作。 Rabbits have a well-know n appreciation for family life. 众所周知，兔子有重视家庭生活的习性。
We take this opportunity of expressing our sincere appreciation of your help.
对你们的帮助，我们趁这个机会向你们表示衷心的感谢。
They are mistaken in their appreciation of the country’s economic conditions.
他们对国家经济形势的判断是错误的。
④ acknowledge vt.1、承认；2、表示谢意
He acknowledged his ow n faults.
他承认了自己的过失。
The sales department acknowledged my order form.
销售部表示收到了我的订货单。
The minister acknowledged his adviser ’s services to the city.
部长就他的顾问对城市的贡献表示感谢。
⑤ neglect vt./n.忽视，忽略；疏忽 They neglected his w arning .
他们对他的警告置之不理。
The secretary w as fired for neglecting her duty.

UNIT 9-2

那个秘书因疏于职守而被解雇。
Agriculture is somewhat neglected in that district.
农业在那个地区有些不受重视。
The old man lives alone in neglect.
这个老人孑然一身无人照管。
二、常考句型
1、如果一个国家人口中 7%或以上的人满 65 岁或超过 65 岁，就被列为“老龄国”。P1
Nation classified as "aged" w hen they have 7 percent of more of their people aged 65 or above.
2、一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，它的人口就可能越老龄---至少对任何能关系到我们现 在的未来是这样的。P1
The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth,  the older its population is likely to be—at least, for any future that concerns us now.
3、当然你现在年龄越大，这种比例就越高，如果你是女人，这比例还应该更高。P5
The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion w ill be, and greater still if you are a w oman.
4、如果你现在 30 多岁，你应当知道你可以指望活到 60 岁后再活上剩余生命的三分之一。P5
If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aw are that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60.
三、习题
(一）、词汇英译汉：
1.classify  2.approximate  3.proportion  4.appreciation  5.acknowledge
6.alter  7.lengthen  8.wealthy  9.neglect  10.expectation
1.to approximate to 2.resistance to 3.to cope with 4.attribute … to
（二）、句子英译汉：
1.~4. 与常考句型相同。
5.If, however, children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth, they feel unlovable and worthless and expect to be cheated, taken advantage of, and looked down upon by others.
look down upon : 看不起…； 轻视… ;
6.without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others.
7.It is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.
8.it is not until about the time the child enters school that outside forces contribute to feelings about the self.
（三）、句子汉译英
1.老龄化已成为一个社会问题。
Aging has become a social problem.
2.人们反对这一看法来自于出生率的下降。
The resistance to the idea is caused by the falling of birthrates. The fall of birthrate resulted in people's objection to the idea.
3.人们寿命的长短取决于种种因素。
The length of life depends on various factors. Expectation of life is due to various factors.
4.估计寿命是预计一个人能活得平均年数。
Expectation of life is the average numbers of years that a person is expected to live.
The expectancy of life is the prediction of average years a person can live.
5.长寿在改变我们的生活，改变我们的社会。
Long life is altering our life as well as our society. Long life is changing our lives, changing our society.

UNIT 9-3

四、历年试题
1.Your account of what happened yesterday approximates   the real facts.（99.10）
A. near
B. of
C. to
D. upon
答案：C。考点：此题考查词组 approximate to 表示“与…接近”。
2.汉译英：正是由于出生率下降了，我们的社会才变得如此老龄。(99.10)
It is because the birthrate fell that our society had grown so old.
3.Nations are   as "aged" when they have 7 percent or more of their people aged 65 or above.
A. limited
B. classified
C. originated D. processed (00.4)
答案：B。本题考查词组：classify as 表示把… 列为。
4.汉译英：一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，其人口便越老龄化。(00.10)
The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is.
5.If you are now   , you ought to pay more attention to your health. (01.4)
A. in the fifties B. in your fifties C. in fifties
D. in your fifty
答案：B. 本题主要考查词组 in your fifties 表示"在你 50 岁时"。
6.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population
Growth, the   (old) its population is likely to be. (01.10) 答案：older。本题主要考查“the + 形容词比较级…. the +形容词比较级”的用法。
7.In his composition there were no other errors   a few misspelled words. (02.4)
A. beside
B. except
C. then
D. than
答案：D。本题主要考查词组"no other … than "的用法，表示“除了…外，没有… ”。
8.We  would  like  to  take  this  opportunity  to  express  our  sincere
(appreciate) of your help. (02.4)
答案：appreciation 。本题中 sincere 是形容词，因此后面接名词。Appreciate 是 动词，其名词形式是 appreciation .

UNIT 10-1

一、word study
decline,impact,stir,provision
① decline vi.1、下倾，下降；2、衰退，衰弱；3、谢绝，拒绝
The production of natural gas declined slightly.
天然气的生产略有下降。 His strength slow ly declined. 他的体力慢慢地衰弱了。
A blind man smilingly declined to be helped across the street.
盲人微笑着谢绝别人帮他过马路。
vt.谢绝，拒绝
He respectfully decline the invitation. 他有礼貌地谢绝了邀请。 n.1、下倾，下降；2、衰退，衰弱
The customs figures show a steady decline in British trade.
关税数字表明英国的贸易在持续下降。
We are studying the decline and fall of ancient Rome.
我们正在研究古罗马的衰亡。
② impact n.1、冲击，碰撞；2、效果，影响
The storm of the w orld revolution has powerful impact on imperialism.
世界革命风暴对帝国主义有强大的冲击力。
The book Ten That Shook the World  made a great impact on its readers.
《震撼世界的十天》这本书对读者产生了很大的影响。
vt.装紧，压紧
The ground had been impacted by many people walking across it.
因为走的人多，地面被踏得坚实了。
③ stir vt.1、搅拌，搅动；2、激起，打动
You should stir the sugar in your coffee with a spoon.
你应该用汤匙搅动咖啡里的糖。
We all deeply stirred by the beauties of nature. 我们都被大自然的美深深地打动了。 vi.微动，活动
I read Hemingw ay’s The Sun Also Rises  through to the end w ithout stirring from the table.
我一步不移地坐在桌前把海明威的《太阳照样升起》读完。
n.惊动，轰动
The invention is going to cause a big stir in the w orld.
这项发明将在全世界引起轰动。
④ provision
n.1、供应，供应品；2、条款，规定；3、【常 p l】给养，口粮
Provision of shelter w as the Red Cross’s main concern for the disaster victims.
为灾民提供避难处是红十字会的主要工作。 Necessary provision has been made against flood. 已为防洪做了必要准备。
You should save up money to make provision for the future.
你们应该存些钱，为将来做些准备。
You can do so under the provisions of a new foreign aid bill.
根据新的援外法案的条文，你可以这样做。 Provisions are kept in the storehouse. 储备的口粮存放在仓库里。

UNIT 10-2

二、重点句型
1、候选人都想尽力突出表现一种强有力的领导者的形象。P4
Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.
2、选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征。P4
Whether  voters  accept  this  image,  how ever,  depends   more  on  external  factors   than  on  a candidate’s personal characteristics.    此句注意主语从句作主语。
3、一年以后，随着国家经济陷入困境，布什的支持率则下降到 40%以下。P4
A year later, w ith the  nation ’s economy in  trouble,  Bush’s approval  rating  dropped below  40 percent.
4、候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜。P6
Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population.
5、在 1992 年，，克林顿仅获得民众选票的 43%，相比之下，布什是 38%，佩罗是 19%。P6
Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush's　38 percent and Perot's 19 percent.
三、习题
（一)、词汇英译汉：
1.election  2.vote  3.certainty  4.loyalty  5.decline
6.democrat  7.strategy  8.pursue  9.impact  10.headquarters
11.economy  12.stir  13.congress  14.representative to identify…as impact on
(二)、句子英译汉：
1.~ 5. 与重点句型相同。
6.In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
7.Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.
8.“The Economy, Stupid.”The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation's slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.
(三)、句子汉译英
1.在美国每四年举行一次总统大选。
The presidential election takes place every four years in the United States.
2.多数党被提名者得到的支持率往往高出少数党候选人。
A majority party nominee usually has the advantage of support over a minority party one.
A major-party nominee always gets higher approval rating than a minor-party nominee.
3.策略在总统竞选中起关键性的作用。
Strategies play a critical role in the election. Strategy is critical in the presidential election.
4.为了争取选票，总统候选人特别关注那些重要的州。
To win the presidency, a candidate is particularly concerned with winning the states which are important.
In order to get the votes, presidential candidates are concerned with those important states.
5.美国有十几个政党，其中只有两个党是主要党。
There are about a dozen political parties in America, only two of which are major parties.

UNIT 10-3

1.Victory in the eleven   （large） states alone would provide an electoral majority. （99.10）
答案：largest。此题主要考查 large 的最高级。
2.Even Democrat George McGovern,   had the lowest level of party support among recent
Nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters. （99.10）
A.who B.whose C.that　D.which
答案：A. who 引导的非限定性定语从句。
3.汉译英：这与其说取决于候选人的个人特点不如说取决于外部因素。（00.4） 答案：This depends on external factors rather than on a candidate's personal
characteristics.
4.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling   （begin） in the 1930s. （00.10）
答案：began。此题考查过去时，因为有一个明显的过去时间状语“in the 1930s”。
5.Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to   the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. （01.4）
A.make it possible B.make possible C.make possibly D.make it possibly
答案：B.本题中 make 的宾语太长，所以放到了宾补 possible 的后面。“make …possible” 表示“使…成为可能”。
6.In deciding   a course of action, the candidate tried to estimate its
likely impact on the voters. （02.4） A.what to pursue
B.which to pursue
C.whether to pursue
D.if to pursue
答案：C.分析：所要填的空是 deciding 的宾语。而 pursue 后面的宾语是 a course of action。 选项 A “what to pursue”, what 是宾语。选项 B 中，which 也是作主语或宾 语。选项 D. 语法结构不对，因此选 C.
7.A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the presidential election   he has the support from the party faithful. （ 03 ，
10 ）
A.in that B.in which C.for which D.for that
答案：A “在于”（复合连词表示原因）
Trans lation
1.  众所周知，美国总统选举每四年一次。
答： It  is  well  known  that pres idential  elections occur in  the United States  every 4 years .
2.  克林顿那时始终把竞选的注意力集中在国家缓慢发展的经济上。
答： At that time  Clinton always  kept  the campaign focused on the nation’s s low-developing economy.
3.  候选人都想尽力表现出一种强有力的领袖形象。
答： Candidate  try  to project a  strong leaders hip image.
4.  选民们是否接受这一形象更取决于外在因素。 答案
答：Whether voters  accept this  image  depends more  on external factors .
5.  候选人特别关注如何在人口最多那些州获胜。
答： Candidates are particularly concerned with how to win the states which have th e largest population .

UNIT 11-1

一、word study
replace,litter,refine,reproduce
① replace vt.1、把。。。放回（原处），使恢复（原职）；2、更换，以。。。替代 The airline is currently replacing its DC10s w ith DC Super 80s.
这家航空公司正在用 DC 超 80 飞机取代 DC10 飞机。
Please replace the new spaper after reading.
报纸阅后请放回原处。
② litter n.1、（供动物睡眠或植物防冻的）干草；2、杂乱无章；3、（猫狗等）一窝（仔畜）；4、【总 称】乱丢的东西（尤指废纸等杂物） vt.1、为（动物）铺草；2、（多产动物）产（仔）；3、乱丢
The boxes are filled w ith litter for the small animals to live in.
箱子里铺满干草以便小动物能够在里边住。
The children picked up all the litter on the playground.
孩子们把乱扔在操场上的废纸等杂物都拾了起来。 I w as surprised to see his room in such a litter. 我看到他的房间如此乱七八糟感到惊讶。
Please don’t litter.
请不要乱丢东西。
Please don’t litter the room.
请不要在屋里乱扔东西。
Please don’t litter w aste papers round the room..
请不要在屋里乱扔废纸。
③ refine vt.1、提纯，精制；2、使精美，使完善
They have built a factory to refine cane sugar.
他们建了一个提炼蔗糖的工厂。 He has refined his manners. 他已使自己的举止仪态变得高雅完美。
Reporters tried to refine their questions to draw their expected response.
记者们力图把问题提得巧妙，以便引起他们所期望的答复。
④ reproduce vt.1、繁殖；2、再生产，再生长（器官）；3、复制；4、再现，重现 There are animals which can reproduce a lost part of their bodies. 有些动物能使身体上失去的某部分再生。
Frogs reproduce themselves by laying eggs.
青蛙通过产卵繁殖。
A tape-recorder w ill reproduce your lecture.
录音机将放出你的讲课录音。
He reproduced the painting by photography.
他通过照相复制了那副油画。
The conditions that existed ten years ago are reproduced today.
十年前的情形今天又重现了。
二、常考句型
1、使用动物对于发展麻醉学具有至关重要的作用。P2
The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics.
2、用动物进行研究与我们的健康无关，它产生的后果常常起误导作用。P4
Animal research  is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.
3、人和动物对药物的反应不同，身体作用的方式也不同。P4
People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work.
4、如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全不负责任和不道德的。P5
It  would be completely  irresponsible  and unethical to use drugs on people that  had not been
thoroughly tested on animals.

UNIT 11-2

5、计算机模型的最终目的是减少用作实验对象的动物数量。P6
The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.
6、现在已有很多别的新技术，使更多的研究能在试管里进行，以便发现化学药品是否产生 有害的生物效果。P7
Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.
7、用于实验室实验的动物数量在过去 20 年中已经减少。P8
The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.
8、这部分地是由于采用替代的方法，部分地是由于实验比以前设计的更好，所以需要的动 物就少了。P8
This is partly due to alternatives  and partly  to the fact that experiments  are better designed so fewer need to be used.
9、该系的大卫莫顿教授正在进行动物研究，他热心于尽可能地减少动物的痛苦。P9
Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible.
10、这包括把它们豢养在更符合要求的笼子里。P9
This includes keeping them in more suitable cages. include  后面接动名词作宾语。
11、在美国，进行一次神经再生实验要在老鼠腿上切掉一大段神经。P10
In the US,one experiment in nerve regeneration involves  cutting a big nerve in a rat’s leg .
12、例如当研究心脏病和它对身体的影响时，或者当研究大脑疾病时，我们没有充分的代用 品来代替动物。P12
When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. When it comes to  当提到…的时候
三、习题
1.动物研究对人类医学的发展做出了重大的贡献。
Animal research has made great contributions to human medical development. Animal research has contributed a great deal to the development of human medicine.
2.动物研究是否与人体健康有关，人们持不同态度。
People have different ideas about whether animal research is relevant to human health.
3 用于实验的动物数量在过去二十年中已大大减少了。
The number of animals used in experiments has declined greatly over the past 20 years.
研究的新成果表明，少数实验可以放弃使用动物。
4.The new research findings show that a few experiments can be done w ithout using animals. The new development in research has show n that a small proportion of tests can be donew ithout using animals.
5.尽管医学技术越来越先进，但完全停止使用动物做实验仍然很远。
Although  medical  techniques  are becoming  more advanced,  stopping testing  on  animals altogether is a long w ay aw ay.
Although medical technique becomes more and more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether is a long w ay aw ay.
四、历年试题
1. The number of animals used in laboratory tests __(decline) over the last 20 yea rs. (99.10)
答案： has declined 。 考点：本句中 over the last 20 years 是明显的表示现在完成时的 时间状语。因此本句用现在完成时。
2. To assume the care for the pets can help bring  the__ humanity in our children and even in us adults. (99.10)
A. about B. in C. out D. up 答案
答案： C 。考点： 本题主要考查词组 bring out 表示“使显示，显现；生产，使产生”

UNIT 11-3

3. It is touching to see how a cat or dog – especially a dog – itself to family a nd wants to share in all its goings and comings. (00.4)
A. attributes B. applies C. assigned D. attaches
答案： D 。考点：本题主要考查词组 attach … to 表示“把 … 附加到，使 … 与 … 相关”。
4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals_ _(use) in e xperiments many decrease. (00.10)
答案： used 。考点：本题主要考查 used 过去分词 做定语修饰 animals 。
5. Some people think that animal research is irrelevant_ _our health and that it c an often produce misleading results. (01.4)
A. with B. at C. on D. to
答案： D 。本题主要考查词组 be irrelevant to 表示“与 … 不相关”。
6. 汉译英：他的肤色与他是否是个好教授没有关系。
答案：The color of his skin is irrelevant to whether he is a good professor or not
7. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in exper iments may decrease, but stopping__ _(test) on animals altogether is a long way aw ay.
答案： testing 。本题主要考查词组 stop doing sth. 停止做某事。 Translation
1. 有人认为用动物进行实验根本没有必要。
答： There are those who think the test on animals are simply unnecessary.
2. 人和动物对药物的反应并不相同。
答： People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs.
3. 新技术使我们容易找到代替动物实验的方法。
答： New technology makes it easy for us to find alternative methods of testing on animals.
4. 正是狗教会我们忠诚和奉献，而猫却对此一无所知。
答： It is the dog who can teach us lessons of loyalty and devotion that no cat eve r knows.
5. 照料小猫们有助于培养孩子的人情味。
答： Caring for cats can help bring out the humanity in children.

UNIT 12-1

一、word study
spur,confront,reflection,drift
① spur n.1、踢马刺；2、刺激（物），鼓励；鼓舞
This book is a spur to the child ’s intellect and imagination. 这本书激发了那个孩子的智力和想象力。 vt.1、用踢马刺催促（马）；2、激励，鞭策
He spurred his horse and ran aw ay.
他用踢马刺策马，跑开了。
The thought of the prize spurred me on.
要夺奖的思想激励着我前进。
② confront vt.1、面对，遭遇；2、正视；对抗
Escape being impossible, the rabbit turned to confront the dog.
逃跑是不可能的，兔子就转过头来和狗对抗。 The disease confronted him with death. 疾病使他面临死亡。
The difficulties that confront us cannot be overcome. 我们所面临的困难无法克服。 如果用被动时态，则 confronted 后用 w ith 或 by。
We are confronted by many difficulties.
我们面临许多困难。
The explorers were confronted with many challenges.
探险者遇到了许多挑战。
③ reflection n.1、反射，反映，映像；2、沉思，考虑 The reflection of light confused us. 反光使我们头晕眼花。
The reflection of the sun w as blinding.
反射的太阳光令人目眩。
This poem is a reflection of my mood at the time I w rote it.
这首诗反映了我执笔时的心情。
He was looking at his reflection in the mirror.
他看着自己在镜中的映像。
After some reflection the manager granted the request.
经理稍一思索，便允许了请求。
④ drift n.1、漂流；2、倾向，趋势
The w eather forecast reported an easterly drift of w ind.
天气预报报告风向偏东。
The general drift of affairs was towards war.
总的势态是趋向战争。
vi.漂流；漂泊
We watched the leaves drift down the stream.
我们看着树叶沿小河漂去。
Our conversation drifted from one topic to another.
我们的话题换了又换。
In order to find a job, he drift from California to Toronto. 为找到一份工作，他从加利福尼亚漂泊到多伦多。 vt.使漂流
The snow w as drifted in great piles against the house.
雪被风吹到房子旁边，积成一堆一堆的。

UNIT 12-2

二、常考句型
1、梦幻最好也不过被认为是对生活中的实际事物的一种补偿性的替代。P1
At its best, daydreaming w as considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life.
2、总有那么一些人，他们用想入非非的生活来代替从实际活动中得到的好处。P2
There are alw ays those w ho would substitute fantasy lives for the rewards of real activity.
3、大部分人受梦幻过少而不是过多之苦。P2
Most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it.
4、不仅他们应付每日生活的压力的能力变差，他们的自我控制和自我导向能力也会受到损 害。P2
Not  only  are  they  less able  to deal  w ith  the  pressure of  day-to-day  existence,  but  also  their self–control and self-direction become endangered.
5、但它的好处不只这些。P3
But its beneficial effects go beyond this .  Go beyond  表示" 超越…， 不仅仅是…"
6、在历史上，科学家和发明家是似乎能充分利用松弛时刻的一类人。P7
Historically , scientists and inventors are one group that seems to take full advantage of relaxed moments.  Take advantage of 利用
7、无论何时他遇到好像一个解决不了的问题时，他会躺在实验室沙发上，四肢舒展，让各 种幻觉涌满他的脑海。P7
Whenever  confronted with a task w hich seemed  too hard  to be dealt with, he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind.
8、你要把自己幻想成一个胜利者，这将有助于你取得成就。P10
Picture yourself as winning and that w ill contribute remarkably to success.
9、重要的是要记住，你幻想这些期望的目标时就好像你已经实现了它们那样。P11
The important thing  to remember is  to picture these desired objectives  as if you  had already attained them.
三、习题
（一）、词汇英译汉：
1. symptom 2. intellectual 3. detail 4. initial
5. inventor 6. confront 7. sensitivity 8. reflection
9. creativity 10. character 11. trace 12. modest
词组：
13. investment 14. to substitute … for 15. be contrary to 16. to put off
17. be confronted with 18. to gaze at
19. be unaware of 20. to impress…on
21. be free from 22. be beneficial to
（二）、句子英译汉：
1.~9.  与常考句型相同。 三、汉译英
1.最近的研究成果表明，白日做梦是日常生活的一部分。
Recent research shows / indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life .
2.白日做梦不仅有利于心态平衡，而且能提高人们的自控力。
Daydreaming is not only beneficial to the mental balance, but also to enhance one's ability of self-control.
Daydreaming  can  not  only  help  maintain  emotional  balance  ,  but  also  improve  one's self-control .
3.历史上许多科学家与发明家曾充分利用白日梦。
Historically, many scientists and inventors have taken full advantage of daydreaming. Many scientists and inventors in history took full use of daydreaming.
4.有的作曲家在作曲时几乎像进入了很深的白日梦状态。
While composing, some composers seem to approach a state of deep daydreaming.
Some  composers  seemed  to  approach  a  state  of  deep  daydreaming  while  they  w ere composing.
5.在梦境中不要将自己描绘成失败者而应该是成功者。
Picture yourself as a w inner rather than loser in your daydream. Picture yourself in your daydream as w inning rather than defeated.

UNIT 12-3

四、历年试题
1. According to Dr. Kramer,_ __people who appear in your dreams, _ you are on aw akening. （ 99.10 ）
A  as many … as happy B  the more… the more happy C  the more… the happi er D  the most … the happiest
答案： C 。考点：本题主要考查 the + 比较级， the + 比较级，结构是“越 … , 越 … ”
2. Hold a picture of yourself long and steadily enough__ your mind's eye, and you will be drawn toward it . (99.10)
A. at B. in C. before D. in front of
答案： B 。考点：本题主要考查词组 in one's mind's eye 意思是“在脑海中”。
3. In the past two decades, research__ _(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dre ams. (00.4)
答案： expanded 。本题主要考查现在完成时。“ in the past two decades ”经常是表示现 在完成时的时间状语。
4. It has been proved that their best ideas seem_ _(occur) when they were relaxing. (01.4)
答案： to have occurred 。 考点：本题主要考查 seem 后面要加动词不定式完成式作宾语。
5. 汉译英：科学家正在研究为什么白日梦会有益于人们的健康。 (01.4)
答案： Scientists are studying why daydreaming is beneficial to people's health.
6. A life_ _(live) without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed.（ 02.4 ）
答案： lived 。考点： lived 是过去分词作定语修饰 life 。 词组“ live a …life ”表示 过着 … 样的生活。
词汇精讲
daydream vi./n. 白日做梦     s ymptom n. 症状，征兆
Most infections are  contagious before any s ymptoms  are  noticed.
大多数传染病在症状被发现之前已具有传染性。
He  recognizes  the symptoms ,  but refus es  to admit  that he  has marital  problems .
他承认这些征兆，但不愿承认自己的婚姻发生了问题。

UNIT 13-1

一、word study
compel,undertake,coincide,gamble,go in for
① compel    vt.强迫（compel…to 或 compel…to sth）
They w ere often compelled to w ork twelve or fourteen hours a day.
他们常常不得不每天工作 12 或 14 小时。
He alw ays tried to compel me to his w ill .
他总是想逼我服从他的意愿。
The performance compelled tears from the audience.(=…compel the audience to shed tears)
表演使观众感动得落泪。
② undertake vt.1、着手做，进行；2、承担，从事，进行；3、承担，答应（to）
The police undertook detailed and comprehensive investigations into the case.
警察对这个案件着手进行了细致和全面的调查。 We undertook to reach home before dark. 我们争取天黑以前到家。
Do you know the law yer who undertook the case?
你认识负责处理此案的律师吗？ Reluctantly he undertook the task. 他勉勉强强地接受了这一使命。
He undertook to preserve a strictly neutral position.
他承诺严守中立。
③ coincide vi.一致，相符（w ith）
The centres of the two circles coincide.
这两个圆的圆点重合。
They cannot go to the theatre together because his free time never coincide w ith hers.
他们不能一起去看戏，因为他和她从来都不是同时有空。
The judges didn ’t coincide in opinion.
法官们意见不一。
④ gamble vi./vt.1、赌博，打赌（on）；2、投机，冒险
They gambled on the result of a competition.
他们对竞赛的结果打赌。
The young man has gambled everything away.
那个年轻人把什么都输掉了。
I w ouldn’t gamble on Jim‘s paying the bill if I were you.
假如我是你，我不会期望杰姆付账的。
He gambled his savings to start a small shop. 他孤注一掷用自己的积蓄开了一家小商店。 n.1、赌博；2、投机，冒险
The operation may not succeed; it ’s a gamble w hether the patient lives or dies.
手术可能不成功，病人的生死是一次冒险。
⑤ go in for
1、参加，从事；2、以。。。为兴趣，爱好
I’m going to go in for the final examination next w eek.
下星期我将参加期末考试。
As my intellect is not adapted for science, I must go in for art.
我的头脑不适应科学，我应该学艺术。 What sports do you go in for? 你喜欢哪些体育项目？
In our department, every student goes in for after-school activities.
我们系的每个学生都喜欢课外活动。

UNIT 13-3

四、历年试题
1. The important of these _ (vary) according to the nature of one's life-style. (99.10)
答案： varies 。
2. 汉译英：他被迫接受了一份他自己毫无兴趣的工作。 答案： He is compelled to take a job.
3. A man can not be really happy if what he enjoys__ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance. （ 00.10 ）
答案： doing 。考点： enjoy 后跟名词或动名词作宾语。 Translation
1. 一个人如果被社会强迫去做他不乐意的事情，他就不可能真正快乐。
答： A man cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing.
2. 工作与劳动的区别不在于脑力劳动与体力劳动的区别。
答： The difference between work and labor does not lie in the difference between m ental and manual jobs.
3. 他说老板给他的工作他毫无兴趣。
答： He says the job his boos offers him is of no interest to him.
4. 一个人是工作者还是劳动者可以从他对休闲的态度上看出来。 答案
　答： Whether one is a worker or laborer can be seen form his attitude toward leisur e.
5. 对他来说，休闲意味着没有强制。
答： To him , leisure means freedom from compulsion.